Motivation Theories: Maslows Hierarchy

Motivation Theories Mas starts HierarchyIt is inte consisting to l top more than(prenominal) or so pauperization because it has a farsighted way of life to grow a business. offset of alto communicateher, demand squeeze out be explained in simple terms as desire or pass oningness to do something enthusiasm keep staff up to date and nonice interest and subscribe (Oxford dictionaries online, 2012). Motivation great deal be defined as Motivation is a reflection of the reasons why masses do things. All behavior is in that respectfore based on choice-people overhear in to do things that they do (Richard, 2007, p553). Moreover, Cole states that Motivation is the term used to force those processes, some(prenominal) instinctive and rational, by which people seek to satisfy the sancti adeptd drives, perceived unavoidably and psycheal goals, which trigger human behavior. (Cole, 1995, p119).The motivation is one of the go forer of necessity which win him to be more loyal and move most with more enthusiasm.Motivation theoriesMaslows HierarchyMaslows precis relates motivation to a hierarchy of ineluctably with basic needs at the target and higher needs at the top as in Figure 1. The introductory level is the physiological needs such(prenominal) as food, ho apply and clothingis it enough to rent you to enjoy behavior. The second level is gum e go awayic needs it is needs for shelter environment relatively vindicate from threats and it is security that your job is safe and touch on that your move around condition argon safe. The fourth level is love and belong it is existence recognized for doing your job thoroughly, for shell a feeling of belong with your colleagues they back discomfit you and communicate with you. The fifth level is self-actualisation it is being promoted and more office alike inclined the chance and the scope to father natural ideas. ( Richard,2007,p557, from class)Maslow argued that there was a relatio nship amidst the different classes, the needs at the bottom of the hierarchy atomic number 18 basic and they need to be satisfied in front a person chiffonier move on to the next level. For font an individual has not eaten he or she feels hungry and as a response he or she eats and diminishes feelings of hunger so he or she send awaynot course well before this need is satisfied.Maslows theory became an proto(prenominal) useful frame relieve oneself for discussions nigh what people needs whitethorn make ate impart also the ways in which their motivation can jock them to meet managers.One criticism of this theory is that systematic tendency up the hierarchy does not seem to be a uni course of work abidance of behaviour for m each people.Figure 1 Hierarchy of needs (GOOGLE)Taylors ScientificTaylors motivation theory is created in 1911 and this theory is c all in alled a scientific anxiety theory, thats mean a relation between science and management at the organization of work. According to Taylors enquiry motivation thinks that money is the front thing which trigger offs people to work. But give to the employers some promotion and metre to think about them self can booster them to remedy and work more seriously. Taylor believed that monetary reward was an important motivating factor. This is known as piece work. He lined how a great deal money a person earned to how much the produced in a sidereal daytime. Their issue was linked to a piece rate if people worked hard and produced a lot that day they would earn a lot of money, if they didnt work hard and didnt produce much they would not earn a lot of money that day. (From class)There argon some problems with Taylors approach. He treats people as machine rather than as humans. He assumes that people ar only when interested in getting money from work in fact people regard opposite things from work, a service of light uponment, friendships with colleagues and work fulfills more than ripe monetary needs.Elton whitethornonnaiseElton Mayo (1880-1949) cave inicipated in Human relations Movement. He contributed with the hearty enquiry performed at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, USA, between 1927 and 1932, and named the Hawthorne Studies. Elton Mayo is considered as the founder of the human relations movement. He was operative on some studies concerning fatigue accidents and ride put to workover at work when he was approached by executives of the Western Electric Company for advice. The studies were conducted over several(prenominal) days in a number of different stages, as follows offset stage (1924-1927). This was carried out by the federations own staff under the counseling of Messrs Pennock and Dickson. This stage was performed with respect to the personal effects of lighting on output. One group, had a consistent level of lighting, the some different group had its lighting varied. The experimental group productivity growth even when the lighting was reduced to a low level. Stage two (1927-1929) is to make more detailed study of the effects of differing physical conditions on productivity. In this research the break downd six women running(a) in the relay assembly section from the rest and they give them rest pauses and lunch times different in timing and in length. The go was that their productivity change magnitude in better and worse conditions. The women productivity affixd because they were the c embark of attention.(Cole,2004,p33)Mayo suggested that motivation at work was promoted by such factors as-a undecomposed conversation with the employer-a good police squadwork which the employer feel relaxed-showing interest in early(a)s-ask the other before to make a decision-ensuring the wellbeing of other-ensuring work is interest and non- repetitiveMayo believe that motivation encourage employer to work more and to choose their position in the work.1-4 HerzbergHerzberg concentrated o n expiation and dis rejoicing at work. His theory is sometimes called the two-factor theory which divided into-Motivators factors or satisfiers for subject work itself, responsibility, attainment.-Hygiene factors or dissatisfies for physical exertion salary, play along policy, working conditions.(Cole,2004,p37)The factors of motivators argon all related to the actual content of the work place and job responsibilities.The hygienics factors are good or comme il faut lead not in themselves make the person satisfied, by ensuring that they are indeed adequate. In other part, where these aspects are bad, extreme dis pleasure was reported by all respondents.The work of Herzberg has tended to encourage attention to such as factors asSuitable supervision which encourages the labor force rather than restricts it.Job en large-scalement programs, job enrichment and job satisfaction which can often be increased through and through work restructuring.The mount and achieving of targets an d objectives.In order to manage the two-factor approach to motivation effectively, attention in the following areas-A management style, attitude and approach to staff, trust and honesty, limitations or technology concerned in the work itself.-General factors of status, believed in, given opportunities for change and cultivation of the organization.-staff has a good relationship between each other that is facilities the undefeated of the activities inwardly organization.(Pettinger,2007,p560)David McClellandMcClelland (1961) and his colleagues entertain got examined how people think and their work led them to identify triple categories of human need which areNeed for affiliation to develop and of importtain interpersonal relationships.Need for achievement to show supremacyful task results and take personal responsibilityNeed for power to be able to deviate and control others and to shape events. (Boddy,2002,p399)McClelland secluded need for achievement as a main human motiv e, and one that is influenced strongly by personality and by environment.Humans with a high need of achievement seem to have characteristics such as their need for achievement is consistent, they seek tasks in which they can exercise personal responsibility, they prefer tasks which present a challenge without being too difficult and which they see as inside their mastery and they want feedback on their results. in any reason they are less concerned about their social or affiliation needs.McClelland realized that the need for achievement is affected by education, childhood experiences and culture background. Therefore designing helping programmes can help increase the achievement motive in employees at work place. apply motivation theories in businessIt is important when doing investigative work, particularly about motivation, that we remember that the existing theories on human behavior are just that theories. Theories are there to be challenged. Over a period of time, theories make and go. Just because you read one theory does not mean to avow it is just now what happens or that is how humans behave. As time passes and we gain new knowledge, theories may become totally discredited. The identification of the fact that business organisations employ people because of the contribution they make to production. In return for that contribution, people fetch money in the form of a wage or salary.The successful of business start from the motivation theory for example if a staunch can motive its employees after that it can improve employee morale and increase productivity then the business testament be farm. (bized, 2012). Motivation within the institution is when leaders encourage their subordinates to accomplish their tasks and provide a capable environment in which they feel able to work. Employees give of themselves to change the work environment, considering each as an employee in order to ensure the proper work of the company so that its resources a re salutaryy optimized. Ensure that the tasks well gainful because employees are a Family Company that is why they are the first police squad success, in order to generate intense harmony between all members of the institution to create its own culture the company. This allows the institution to stand actually well on the socio-economic and financial institution made him guaranteed future periods, since allone is project to a plane that is the health of the firm as the short, medium and long term. (Memoire online, 2012)The successful of business start from the motivation theory for example if a firm can motive its employees after that it can improve employee morale and increase productivity then the business bequeathing be enhance as in figure2Figure2 (Madura,2007)A firm may not be able to motivate some employees, regardless of its efforts or the methods used to motivate them. If not form of motivation is effective, the threat of being fired may serve as a ultimately resort to motivate these employees. Firms can enhance job satisfaction and therefore motivate employees by providing an adequate compensation program, which aligns compensation with performance job security employee involvement programs and a flexible work schedule. A firms decisions regarding the motivation concepts summarized here affect its performance, if a firm can motivate its employees, it can improve employee morale and increase productivity. While there are numerous motivation theories, the proper form of motivation varies with the firms characteristics and may even vary among employees.(Madura,2007)Example of company using a motivation theoriesCase study KelloggsKelloggs created in 1898 from W.K. Kellogg, and his brother, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and this company produced the delicious recipe for Kelloggs Corn Flakes. In 2006, The Kellogg Company celebrated its 100-year loyalty to nutrition, health and quality. In this time e Kellogg Company is the worlds leading producer of b reakfast cereals. Its products are manufactured in 18 countries and sold in more than 180 countries also it has been a leader in health and nutrition.The most important of success the company it return from adapt the motivation theory. Kelloggs culture supports its role as a good employer. Employees are support to speak positively about each other when focusing on their strength. The creating of a great place to work for Kelloggs is supported by the motivation theory. graduation of all Kelloggs adapt the motivation theory of Maslow by every employee is motivated to work through each of 5 levels and its positive effects for each employee and the company for instanceIn physiological needs Kelloggs offers warring salaries this helps people to acquire the basic needs for living. Also Kelloggs gives people a childcare vouchers, cash alternatives to company cars and discounted life assurance schemes. These things help workers to be motivated and to be loyal to the company.In safety need s Kelloggs securities the safety of all employees. The company is responsible to give a safe and sanitary work environment to prevent accidents. Kelloggs also offers employees a range of working patterns. For example some may want to work part-time others may want career breaks or undertake homeworking. This will be a variety of options for the employees in a healthy work-life offset.In social needs Kelloggs operates weekly group huddles. These provide opportunities for employees to receive information on any part of the business, including sales data and company products. Kelloggs positively recognizes and rewards staff achievements.In self-actualization Kelloggs supplies employees with the possibility to take stimulating responsibilities and on challenging. This is helpful to the employees to develop and improve. For exampleLaura Bryant joined Kelloggs in 2002 after fished her university. She joined the Field Sales team initially that help her to visit five to ten super layets a day to develop relationships at a local level. After two years she was promoted to Customer Marketing Manager at Head Office. This helped to increase her indite as she wanted to move into marketing. By encouraging from her manager, Laura made the handing over from Sales to Marketing as Assistant Brand Manager on Rice Krispies and Frosties. In 2009 she was promoted again to manage the marketing plan for additional K and she is now Brand Manager for Kelloggs Cornflakes. The company has helped motivate her to shake the hierarchy of needs and achieve her career ambitions.In the second part Kelloggs adapt the motivation of Taylor for example many employees are motivated by cash alternatives which include the chance to buy and sell their holiday days. Also Taylors theory breaks down jobs into specialist tasks through the division of labor and this is corresponds to large companies like Kelloggs. Also the staffs of the company are encouraged to be creative and use their imagination to contribute towards change.In the third part, Kelloggs apply the motivation theory of Mayo in keeps a two-way dialogue with employees through its communication programs. This is helpful to allow the workforce. Kelloggs has kind of dialogue recording for communication like this oneHere at Kelloggs listening is a primeval premise of the way we work. We believe that our employees have some of the best ideas and that a successful company is one that listens to the grass roots feedback and acts on it. every employee can pitch an issue or a prompt via their rep who will hike it at one of their monthly meetings. (Sue Platt, HR Director)The Kelloggs suggestion box scheme helps to improve productivity and making business a great place to work. Also Kelloggs helps to generate ideas and has an initiative called Snap, Crackle and that an employee suggestion scheme to save costs within the supply chain.For example a lot of ideas have been put forward over the last couple of years. One ide a suggested that one thickness of cardboard could be used for packaging in all manufacturing plants in Europe. This saved around 250,000 per year. Kelloggs helps personal development planning for employees which includes provisions such as study leave as part of staff development. This reinforces staff commitment and their adept of being treated well.In the fourth part, Kelloggs adapt the motivation theory of Herzberg by developed a number of motivating factors. For example this company has a Fit for Life program offering to the employees access to fitness centers, annual fitness estimations by healthcare specialists every spring and free health checks. It also provides a summer hours from May to September so if employees have worked a lot of hours they can adjust their working hours to balance their work against family or lifestyle commitments. This motivation is related to Herzberg because in the study he want to give individuals job satisfaction These include, for example, p romotion or recognition for effort and performance also the level of responsibility of the job. . Herzberg believed that businesses compulsory to ensure hygiene factors were minimised in order to enable motivators to have their full effect, because hygiene factors make the employees in the work place feel unhappy. This motivation from Herzberg helps Kelloggs to build a business that delivers consistently strong results. For example theatre working, part-time working, flextime and job sharing. Subsidized access to local facilities or on-the-spot(prenominal) gyms Parental leave, career breaks, time off for depends and paternity and maternity.This an example of employee whole caboodle with KelloggsClaire Duckworth works in the Consumer Insight team at Kelloggs. She takes part in Latin American ballroom dancing competitively with her partner. They are ranked 7th in England in the over-35 category. Flexible working at Kelloggs enables her to expedition to events and provides her wit h the opportunity to pursue her hobby at a serious level. This opportunity to adjust her working life to accommodate her personal ambitions makes Claire feel esteem and supported.Also the Kelloggs sales team meets every Friday morning to share success stories of the week.AnalyzeThis case study illustrates the range of different motivation measures in practice at Kelloggs. It salutes that highly motivated employees can improve efficiency, output and quality for a business. Kelloggs is able to make work a more profitable and competitive business also more exciting and interesting experience for employees whilst creating a more productive.Conclusion The importance of Motivation openingMotivation at work is the taste that the subject has to do, the extent to which it involves, perseverance, perseveration of effort he agrees.Motivation resulting from the satisfaction, it is important to specify certain criteria which are The work itself, The economic level it provides, Relations in w hich he bathes. feat depends as much on human motivational balance and satisfaction of the tension on the search for new tensions, thus some form of imbalance, for example, when a project (cognitive or social) is the subject humans often developed another action project, he tries to carry and so on. Arguably enhancing cognitive and social activities is their own creation and not in an external object. spell your language into a 21Turning your speech into a 21Title Dissertation Copy Writing.How to turn your dissertation from a 22 to a 21When you are given your first piece of coursework as an undergraduate, you are also given (or should be) a copy of the marking criteria which will be applied when your work is assessed. Although by the time you reach the point of writing a dissertation you will be approaching the culmination of a course of study, the comparable basic judgements will be made. Of course, there is always a circumference allowed for tutors and lecturers to apply their own judgement, it is never simply a numbers gimpy, and the dissertation you present will always be attach by more than one person, but basically the same criteria will be applied at whatever level you are working.So, how do you raise your dissertation from the mediocrity which is represented by a 22, to the decimal point of excellence represented by a 21? Essentially, the balance in terms of actual marks is often minute a 22 would normally be the result of a mark between 50% and 59%, whereas a 21 represents a mark between 60% and 69%. Look at the borders here, not the maximum of each the difference between a 22 and a 21 could be as gnomish as 2%. In reality, however, this is rarely the case. Your work will be marked interpretively and therefore in order to be sure of upping that stratum, you need a comfortable difference not a borderline one.Approach this logically and you will see that you need to consider how your work can be improved in each of the applicable criteria in o rder to raise your grade and you should think about this from the outset. Before you begin your dissertation, look cautiously at the marking criteria and note where the differences between a 22 and a 21 lie. Youll notice that the criteria for either a 22 or 21, needs the followingUnderstanding of the questionIdentifying the major(ip) themesThe mightiness to develop a well-structured argumentThe inclusion of supplementary separate from primary texts, correctly referencedA strong refinementA bibliography using the referencing style of your donnishian institution.Having probably been in academic life for some time before attempting a dissertation you should be mentation this is all pretty standard and if you are not, then that 21 is just a dream because the way to turn a 22 into a 21 is down to your baron to spot out just where each of these basic requirements needs to be expanded.In general, the list differences between a 22 and a 21 exist in the depth of research and th e quality of analysis. That being the case you should focus on your level of research and your analytical ability to improve your grade. Also, this ability to research and analyse mustiness be linked seamlessly to your argument. To earn a 21 you must make your points cogently and show that you have expanded your reading beyond the merely compulsory towards the comprehensive. A good way of doing this is to look at the bibliographies of a primary text because you will then be using a credible source to develop your research base. From here, you can begin to analyse, i.e. literally take apart and rumourmonger critically on the read so that it informs your dissertation argument and never at any point appears separate from the important themes.A 21 dissertation reflects a much deeper level of thought than a 22, which is why it is the minimum requirement of most respected universities in order to carry out post-graduate research. However, even within the 21 there are divisions of whi ch you should be aware in order that you are sure of your 21, rather than hoping just to scrape through. In other words, you need to be aiming for a mark in the region of 65% to 69%. To achieve this, you need to demonstratethat you can not only develop an argument but that you have anticipated some of the achievable challenges to itthat your reading goes beyond the basic in both collation and cohesionthat your analysis has added to your argument and developed your thinkingthat you have produced a conclusion that does more than just summarise your argument but also provides a genuine synthesis of immense-ranging yet focussed thought.Remember, that the award of a 21 grade reflects on the level of excellence of the academic institution to which you belong as much as you so it will not be given lightly but that, of course, is what makes it worth having, isnt it?How to turn your dissertation from a 21 to a counterbalance distinguishIn order to preserve their quality benchmark, most universities stringently limit the number of commencement exercise association degrees that they award and this is reflected in the assessment of a start menage dissertation. When you think about it, you wouldnt truly want it any other way because the expansion of the number would depreciate the inherent status that achieving a First soma degree carries and the key to this is the ability to research and write a First air division dissertation. For this reason, if for no other, you need to work not only harder to achieve a First mannikin dissertation grade but also in a very specific way. Lets examine precisely how by taking the structuring of a First Class dissertation step by step.You will have at your disposal a marking scheme with which by the stage in your academic career when you are necessary to write a dissertation, you should be very familiar. You need, now, to look at this more about, even analytically, than you have ever done before, so that you isolate the fe atures which separate the wider excellence of the 21 from the specific excellence of the First. Looking closely at the marking levels, you will instantly see that it would be theoretically possible to achieve a First Class dissertation grade by gaining a mark that is anything over 70%. In practice, however, you will more often than not be literally competing for a First against your fellow students because the university might often decide in abstract how many Firsts it ultimately intends to award and your dissertation is a crucial part of this. Therefore, you must ensure that your dissertation stands out from the rest and rather than just progress into the 70s reaches closer to 80%.The basics should not need to be declared if you are aiming at the highest level with your dissertation so lets take it has read that you will write well, argue coherently, reference fitly and correctly and provide a convincing conclusion even to get a 22 you would need all of these to be present. There fore, it is not on that you should focus for a First but on other factors, not called for in the lower levels, even the 21 this tautological something is rooted in the demonstration of research abilities beyond the obvious and the ability to find the original in the familiar. In other words, a First Class dissertation will display not only wide reading but also an innovative approach to both the meter reading of the research and its application. Your thoughts need to be both critical and original and whilst the first of these may be familiar, the second will be less so because in all probability you will not have been required to display originality until now. Indeed, you may have been actively discouraged from allowing your own thoughts to enter into your work, as most academic work encourages you to take an objective regard rather than a subjective one. You now need to forget that to some extent and begin to allow your personal perspective to enter your work. Of course, you li felessness need to present a balanced argument, well supported by strong evidence in the form of wide and yet focussed reading, but you must now also add to this the evident ability to detect and develop a nuance so that it becomes a unambiguously significant imperative in your work that separates it from the work of others. Above all, to obtain a First Class grade for your dissertation, you need to display a scholarly approach, together with an individualistic but grounded and viable methodology which includes evidence of innovation and independent thinking.This is of course a very difficult task, especially if you are working in a very familiar field. more or less of the original lines of approach may appear to have been developed already but this will not be the case. There is not a single radical on which the last word has been said and if you can find and develop an original line of thought which you can support with a strong argument and comprehensive research, then that p rized First Class dissertation is within your grasp, all you have to do is go for itHow to turn your dissertation from a First Class to an stop number First ClassThe one word with which you need to engage in order to achieve an top(prenominal) First Class dissertation is originality. everything else that you need to accomplish should be second nature to you at this level and what you want now is to demonstrate how your thinking will add to the body of thought on the subject. Indeed, the development of a First Class dissertation to an Upper First Class dissertation may be said to rest if not exactly solely then certainly heavily upon this aspect of your work. One of the main reasons for this, is that the vast majority of Upper First Class dissertations are later(prenominal) developed into theses for post graduate research, may indeed already be part of it, and as the excellence of a universitys research, from its staff as well as students, is the way in which it is ultimately judg ed in the academic world, it is clear that this grade will not be freely awarded. Therefore, if you are hoping to achieve this level, you will need considerable intellectual insight have with an innovative approach.Clearly, the fundamental basis of an Upper First Class dissertation is wide ranging research but you should approach this from the first with an eye to discovering a new approach, something that has not been explored before and that further research will help to develop into a significant contribution to the topic you are studying. This is both challenging and exciting as you have the chance to contribute to a topic for which your attraction has been demonstrated by your having chosen to study it in the first place and reached the level that you have. Also, as has already been mentioned, what you identify as areas of possible future research in this dissertation may well be the basis for further study and you should incorporate this into your dissertation as a fundamenta l part of its structure throughout, if you are going to achieve an Upper First Class grade, which in most cases will require you to gain over 80% as your final mark.As research is so vital at this level, it is worth taking a little time to explain how you should go about it when preparing your Upper First Class dissertation. As with the research for lower grades, you should, of course, first consult the primary sources. Every field has its experts and in your search for innovation, you should not overlook the established. However, whilst you are aggregation evidence from what has been said, the Upper First Class dissertation student will be looking just as vitally for what has been omitted. Ask yourself the following as you readWhat is this expert saying?Does this expert cover the topic comprehensively?Are there any areas of particular interest to me which are absent?Can my research develop this further?Has anyone else covered the thinking which I believe to be original?By breaking down your research into this critical approach, you are beginning to work in the way that is needed to obtain an Upper First Class grade for your dissertation.It should also be remarked that the level of fluid and cohesive argument that you will need to produce in order to achieve an Upper First Class grade for your dissertation must be beyond reproach. There must, of course, be no errors in either the presentation or the structure and careful proof-reading is essential. Also, you must in no way sacrifice the logical and cerebrate coherence of your argument to the quest for originality. There is little point in exploring a nuance you have discovered if your basic argument is flawed. Therefore, before you expand your writing and research ensure that you have covered the basics of the topic. Remember that ultimately what is required to achieve an Upper First Class grade for your dissertation is innovative thought coupled with a well-argued central discussion. The conclusions you dra w are also a fundamental part of an Upper First Class dissertation as is a comprehensive bibliography so dont leave either your conclusion or your bibliography until the last minute. Give both the importance they deserve in your dissertation and you will leave your assessor with the desired impression that they have read an Upper First Class piece of work which is, of course, precisely what you want and which, by following this brief guide, you will have every chance of achieving.